816 lines
33 KiB
HTML
816 lines
33 KiB
HTML
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
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CIA -- The World Factbook 2000 -- Climate
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</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><P><CENTER>
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<a href="../indexfld.html" name="top">[Field Listing]</a>
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<a href="../index.html">[<I>The World Factbook</I> Home]</a>
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</P></CENTER><P><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width=100%><TR>
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<td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" width=100%><b><font size="+2">
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Climate</font></b><br>(Country profile category: Geography)</td></TR></TABLE>
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<p><b>Afghanistan:</b>
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<br>
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arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
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<p><b>Albania:</b>
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<br>
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mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
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<p><b>Algeria:</b>
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<br>
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arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
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<p><b>American Samoa:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Andorra:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
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<p><b>Angola:</b>
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<br>
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semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
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<p><b>Anguilla:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
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<p><b>Antarctica:</b>
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<br>
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severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
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<p><b>Antigua and Barbuda:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Arctic Ocean:</b>
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<br>
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polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
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<p><b>Argentina:</b>
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<br>
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mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
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<p><b>Armenia:</b>
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<br>
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highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
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<p><b>Aruba:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Ashmore and Cartier Islands:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Atlantic Ocean:</b>
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<br>
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tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
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<p><b>Australia:</b>
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<br>
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generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
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<p><b>Austria:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
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<p><b>Azerbaijan:</b>
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<br>
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dry, semiarid steppe
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<p><b>Bahamas, The:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
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<p><b>Bahrain:</b>
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<br>
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arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
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<p><b>Baker Island:</b>
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<br>
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equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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<p><b>Bangladesh:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)
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<p><b>Barbados:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; rainy season (June to October)
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<p><b>Bassas da India:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Belarus:</b>
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<br>
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cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
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<p><b>Belgium:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
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<p><b>Belize:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)
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<p><b>Benin:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
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<p><b>Bermuda:</b>
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<br>
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subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
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<p><b>Bhutan:</b>
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<br>
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varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
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<p><b>Bolivia:</b>
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<br>
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varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
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<p><b>Bosnia and Herzegovina:</b>
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<br>
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hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
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<p><b>Botswana:</b>
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<br>
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semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
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<p><b>Bouvet Island:</b>
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<br>
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antarctic
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<p><b>Brazil:</b>
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<br>
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mostly tropical, but temperate in south
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<p><b>British Indian Ocean Territory:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
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<p><b>British Virgin Islands:</b>
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<br>
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subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
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<p><b>Brunei:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid, rainy
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<p><b>Bulgaria:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
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<p><b>Burkina Faso:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
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<p><b>Burma:</b>
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<br>
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tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
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<p><b>Burundi:</b>
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<br>
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equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
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<p><b>Cambodia:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Cameroon:</b>
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<br>
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varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
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<p><b>Canada:</b>
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<br>
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varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
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<p><b>Cape Verde:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic
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<p><b>Cayman Islands:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
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<p><b>Central African Republic:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
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<p><b>Chad:</b>
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<br>
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tropical in south, desert in north
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<p><b>Chile:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
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<p><b>China:</b>
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<br>
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extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
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<p><b>Christmas Island:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
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<p><b>Clipperton Island:</b>
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<br>
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tropical, humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October
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<p><b>Cocos (Keeling) Islands:</b>
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<br>
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pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall
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<p><b>Colombia:</b>
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<br>
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tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
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<p><b>Comoros:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
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<p><b>Congo, Democratic Republic of the:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
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<p><b>Congo, Republic of the:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
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<p><b>Cook Islands:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; moderated by trade winds
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<p><b>Coral Sea Islands:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Costa Rica:</b>
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<br>
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tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
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<p><b>Cote d'Ivoire:</b>
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<br>
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tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
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<p><b>Croatia:</b>
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<br>
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Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
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<p><b>Cuba:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
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<p><b>Cyprus:</b>
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<br>
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temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, winters
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<p><b>Czech Republic:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
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<p><b>Denmark:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
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<p><b>Djibouti:</b>
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<br>
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desert; torrid, dry
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<p><b>Dominica:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
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<p><b>Dominican Republic:</b>
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<br>
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tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
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<p><b>Ecuador:</b>
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<br>
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tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
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<p><b>Egypt:</b>
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<br>
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desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
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<p><b>El Salvador:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
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<p><b>Equatorial Guinea:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; always hot, humid
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<p><b>Eritrea:</b>
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<br>
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hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert
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<p><b>Estonia:</b>
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<br>
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maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
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<p><b>Ethiopia:</b>
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<br>
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tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
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<p><b>Europa Island:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):</b>
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<br>
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cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
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<p><b>Faroe Islands:</b>
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<br>
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mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
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<p><b>Fiji:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Finland:</b>
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<br>
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cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
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<p><b>France:</b>
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<br>
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generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean
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<p><b>French Guiana:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>French Polynesia:</b>
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<br>
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tropical, but moderate
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<p><b>French Southern and Antarctic Lands:</b>
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<br>
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antarctic
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<p><b>Gabon:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; always hot, humid
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<p><b>Gambia, The:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
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<p><b>Gaza Strip:</b>
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<br>
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temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
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<p><b>Georgia:</b>
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<br>
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warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
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<p><b>Germany:</b>
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<br>
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temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind
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<p><b>Ghana:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
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<p><b>Gibraltar:</b>
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<br>
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Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
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<p><b>Glorioso Islands:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Greece:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
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<p><b>Greenland:</b>
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<br>
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arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
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<p><b>Grenada:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
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<p><b>Guadeloupe:</b>
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subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
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<p><b>Guam:</b>
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<br>
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tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Guatemala:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
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<p><b>Guernsey:</b>
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<br>
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temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
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<p><b>Guinea:</b>
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<br>
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generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
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<p><b>Guinea-Bissau:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
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<p><b>Guyana:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
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<p><b>Haiti:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
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<p><b>Heard Island and McDonald Islands:</b>
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<br>
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antarctic
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<p><b>Holy See (Vatican City):</b>
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<br>
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temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
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<p><b>Honduras:</b>
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<br>
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subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
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<p><b>Hong Kong:</b>
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<br>
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tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
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<p><b>Howland Island:</b>
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<br>
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equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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<p><b>Hungary:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
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<p><b>Iceland:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
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<p><b>India:</b>
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<br>
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varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
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<p><b>Indian Ocean:</b>
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<br>
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northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
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<p><b>Indonesia:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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<p><b>Iran:</b>
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<br>
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mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
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<p><b>Iraq:</b>
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<br>
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mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
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<p><b>Ireland:</b>
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<br>
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temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
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<p><b>Israel:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
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<p><b>Italy:</b>
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<br>
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predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
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<p><b>Jamaica:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
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<p><b>Jan Mayen:</b>
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<br>
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arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
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<p><b>Japan:</b>
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<br>
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varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
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<p><b>Jarvis Island:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
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<p><b>Jersey:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; mild winters and cool summers
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<p><b>Johnston Atoll:</b>
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<br>
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tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
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<p><b>Jordan:</b>
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<br>
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mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
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<p><b>Juan de Nova Island:</b>
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<br>
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tropical
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<p><b>Kazakhstan:</b>
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<br>
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continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
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<p><b>Kenya:</b>
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<br>
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varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
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<p><b>Kingman Reef:</b>
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<br>
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tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
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<p><b>Kiribati:</b>
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<br>
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tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
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<p><b>Korea, North:</b>
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<br>
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temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
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<p><b>Korea, South:</b>
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<br>
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temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
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<p><b>Kuwait:</b>
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<br>
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dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
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<p><b>Kyrgyzstan:</b>
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<br>
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dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
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<p><b>Laos:</b>
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<br>
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tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
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<p><b>Latvia:</b>
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<br>
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maritime; wet, moderate winters
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<p><b>Lebanon:</b>
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<br>
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Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
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<p><b>Lesotho:</b>
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<br>
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temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
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<p><b>Liberia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
|
|
<p><b>Libya:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
|
|
<p><b>Liechtenstein:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
|
|
<p><b>Lithuania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
|
|
<p><b>Luxembourg:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
|
|
<p><b>Macau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
|
|
<p><b>Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
|
|
<p><b>Madagascar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
|
|
<p><b>Malawi:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
|
|
<p><b>Malaysia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
|
|
<p><b>Maldives:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
|
|
<p><b>Mali:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
|
|
<p><b>Malta:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
<p><b>Man, Isle of:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
cool summers and mild winters; temperate; overcast about one-third of the time
|
|
<p><b>Marshall Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt
|
|
<p><b>Martinique:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
|
|
<p><b>Mauritania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
|
|
<p><b>Mauritius:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
|
|
<p><b>Mayotte:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
|
|
<p><b>Mexico:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies from tropical to desert
|
|
<p><b>Micronesia, Federated States of:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
|
|
<p><b>Midway Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
|
|
<p><b>Moldova:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
moderate winters, warm summers
|
|
<p><b>Monaco:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
|
|
<p><b>Mongolia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
|
|
<p><b>Montserrat:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
|
|
<p><b>Morocco:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
|
|
<p><b>Mozambique:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical to subtropical
|
|
<p><b>Namibia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
|
|
<p><b>Nauru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
|
|
<p><b>Navassa Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
marine, tropical
|
|
<p><b>Nepal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
|
|
<p><b>Netherlands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
|
|
<p><b>Netherlands Antilles:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
|
|
<p><b>New Caledonia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
|
|
<p><b>New Zealand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
|
|
<p><b>Nicaragua:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
|
|
<p><b>Niger:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
|
|
<p><b>Nigeria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
|
|
<p><b>Niue:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
|
|
<p><b>Norfolk Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
<p><b>Northern Mariana Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
|
|
<p><b>Norway:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast
|
|
<p><b>Oman:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
|
|
<p><b>Pacific Ocean:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
|
|
<p><b>Pakistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
|
|
<p><b>Palau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
wet season May to November; hot and humid
|
|
<p><b>Palmyra Atoll:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
equatorial, hot, and very rainy
|
|
<p><b>Panama:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
|
|
<p><b>Papua New Guinea:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
|
|
<p><b>Paracel Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical
|
|
<p><b>Paraguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
|
|
<p><b>Peru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
|
|
<p><b>Philippines:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
|
|
<p><b>Pitcairn Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
|
|
<p><b>Poland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
|
|
<p><b>Portugal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
|
|
<p><b>Puerto Rico:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
|
|
<p><b>Qatar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
|
|
<p><b>Reunion:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
|
|
<p><b>Romania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
|
|
<p><b>Russia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
|
|
<p><b>Rwanda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
|
|
<p><b>Saint Helena:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
|
|
<p><b>Saint Kitts and Nevis:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
<p><b>Saint Lucia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
|
|
<p><b>Saint Pierre and Miquelon:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
|
|
<p><b>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
|
|
<p><b>Samoa:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)
|
|
<p><b>San Marino:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
|
|
<p><b>Sao Tome and Principe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
|
|
<p><b>Saudi Arabia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
|
|
<p><b>Senegal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
|
|
<p><b>Serbia and Montenegro:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
|
|
<p><b>Seychelles:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
|
|
<p><b>Sierra Leone:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
|
|
<p><b>Singapore:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)
|
|
<p><b>Slovakia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
|
|
<p><b>Slovenia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
|
|
<p><b>Solomon Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
|
|
<p><b>Somalia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
|
|
<p><b>South Africa:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
|
|
<p><b>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
|
|
<p><b>Southern Ocean:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Centigrade to -2 degrees Centigrade; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Centigrade; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
|
|
<p><b>Spain:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
|
|
<p><b>Spratly Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical
|
|
<p><b>Sri Lanka:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
|
|
<p><b>Sudan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)
|
|
<p><b>Suriname:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds
|
|
<p><b>Svalbard:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
|
|
<p><b>Swaziland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies from tropical to near temperate
|
|
<p><b>Sweden:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
|
|
<p><b>Switzerland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
|
|
<p><b>Syria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus
|
|
<p><b>Tajikistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
|
|
<p><b>Tanzania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
|
|
<p><b>Thailand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
|
|
<p><b>Togo:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
|
|
<p><b>Tokelau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
|
|
<p><b>Tonga:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
|
|
<p><b>Trinidad and Tobago:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; rainy season (June to December)
|
|
<p><b>Tromelin Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical
|
|
<p><b>Tunisia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
|
|
<p><b>Turkey:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
|
|
<p><b>Turkmenistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical desert
|
|
<p><b>Turks and Caicos Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
|
|
<p><b>Tuvalu:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
|
|
<p><b>Uganda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
|
|
<p><b>Ukraine:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
|
|
<p><b>United Arab Emirates:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
desert; cooler in eastern mountains
|
|
<p><b>United Kingdom:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
|
|
<p><b>United States:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
|
|
<p><b>Uruguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
|
|
<p><b>Uzbekistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
|
|
<p><b>Vanuatu:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
|
|
<p><b>Venezuela:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
<p><b>Vietnam:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
|
|
<p><b>Virgin Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
|
|
<p><b>Wake Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical
|
|
<p><b>Wallis and Futuna:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
|
|
<p><b>West Bank:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
|
|
<p><b>Western Sahara:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
|
|
<p><b>World:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
|
|
<p><b>Yemen:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
|
|
<p><b>Zambia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
|
|
<p><b>Zimbabwe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
|
|
<p><b>Taiwan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
|
|
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