719 lines
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HTML
719 lines
22 KiB
HTML
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
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CIA -- The World Factbook 2000 -- Constitution
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</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><P><CENTER>
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<a href="../indexfld.html" name="top">[Field Listing]</a>
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<a href="../index.html">[<I>The World Factbook</I> Home]</a>
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</P></CENTER><P><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width=100%><TR>
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<td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" width=100%><b><font size="+2">
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Constitution</font></b><br>(Country profile category: Government)</td></TR></TABLE>
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<p><b>Afghanistan:</b>
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<br>
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none
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<p><b>Albania:</b>
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<br>
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a new constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted the vote
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<p><b>Algeria:</b>
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<br>
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19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996; note - referendum approving the revisions of 28 November 1996 was signed into law 7 December 1996
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<p><b>American Samoa:</b>
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<br>
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ratified 1966, in effect 1967
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<p><b>Andorra:</b>
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<br>
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Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993
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<p><b>Angola:</b>
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<br>
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11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
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<p><b>Anguilla:</b>
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<br>
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Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
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<p><b>Antigua and Barbuda:</b>
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<br>
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1 November 1981
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<p><b>Argentina:</b>
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<br>
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1 May 1853; revised August 1994
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<p><b>Armenia:</b>
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<br>
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adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
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<p><b>Aruba:</b>
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<br>
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1 January 1986
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<p><b>Australia:</b>
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<br>
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9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
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<p><b>Austria:</b>
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<br>
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1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
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<p><b>Azerbaijan:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 12 November 1995
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<p><b>Bahamas, The:</b>
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<br>
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10 July 1973
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<p><b>Bahrain:</b>
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<br>
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26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973
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<p><b>Bangladesh:</b>
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<br>
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4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times
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<p><b>Barbados:</b>
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<br>
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30 November 1966
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<p><b>Belarus:</b>
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<br>
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30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996
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<p><b>Belgium:</b>
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<br>
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7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state
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<p><b>Belize:</b>
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<br>
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21 September 1981
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<p><b>Benin:</b>
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<br>
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December 1990
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<p><b>Bermuda:</b>
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<br>
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8 June 1968, amended 1989
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<p><b>Bhutan:</b>
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<br>
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no written constitution or bill of rights
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<br><i>note:</i>
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Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers
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<p><b>Bolivia:</b>
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<br>
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2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
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<p><b>Bosnia and Herzegovina:</b>
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<br>
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the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force
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<p><b>Botswana:</b>
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<br>
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March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
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<p><b>Brazil:</b>
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<br>
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5 October 1988
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<p><b>British Virgin Islands:</b>
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<br>
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1 June 1977
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<p><b>Brunei:</b>
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<br>
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29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
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<p><b>Bulgaria:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 12 July 1991
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<p><b>Burkina Faso:</b>
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<br>
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2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted
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<p><b>Burma:</b>
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<br>
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3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; chapter headings and three of 15 sections have been approved
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<p><b>Burundi:</b>
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<br>
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13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
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<p><b>Cambodia:</b>
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<br>
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promulgated 21 September 1993
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<p><b>Cameroon:</b>
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<br>
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20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted
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<p><b>Canada:</b>
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<br>
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17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
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<p><b>Cape Verde:</b>
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<br>
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new constitution came into force 25 September 1992
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<p><b>Cayman Islands:</b>
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<br>
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1959, revised 1972 and 1992
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<p><b>Central African Republic:</b>
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<br>
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passed by referendum 29 December 1994; adopted 7 January 1995
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<p><b>Chad:</b>
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<br>
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passed by referendum 31 March 1995
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<p><b>Chile:</b>
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<br>
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11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 and in 1993
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<p><b>China:</b>
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<br>
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most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
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<p><b>Christmas Island:</b>
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<br>
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Christmas Island Act of 1958
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<p><b>Cocos (Keeling) Islands:</b>
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<br>
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Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
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<p><b>Colombia:</b>
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<br>
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5 July 1991
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<p><b>Comoros:</b>
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<br>
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20 October 1996
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<p><b>Congo, Democratic Republic of the:</b>
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<br>
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24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994; following successful rebellion the new government announced on 29 May 1997 a program of constitutional reform and, in November 1998, a draft constitution was approved by President KABILA and awaits ratification by national referendum
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<p><b>Congo, Republic of the:</b>
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<br>
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new constitution approved by referendum March 1992 but is now being redrafted by President SASSOU-NGUESSO
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<p><b>Cook Islands:</b>
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<br>
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4 August 1965
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<p><b>Costa Rica:</b>
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<br>
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7 November 1949
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<p><b>Cote d'Ivoire:</b>
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<br>
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3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last time July 1998
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<p><b>Croatia:</b>
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<br>
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adopted on 22 December 1990
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<p><b>Cuba:</b>
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<br>
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24 February 1976, amended July 1992
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<p><b>Cyprus:</b>
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<br>
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16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
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<p><b>Czech Republic:</b>
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<br>
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ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
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<p><b>Denmark:</b>
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<br>
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1849 was the original constitution; there was a major overhaul 5 June 1953, allowing for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
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<p><b>Djibouti:</b>
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<br>
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multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
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<p><b>Dominica:</b>
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<br>
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3 November 1978
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<p><b>Dominican Republic:</b>
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<br>
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28 November 1966
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<p><b>Ecuador:</b>
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<br>
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10 August 1998
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<p><b>Egypt:</b>
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<br>
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11 September 1971
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<p><b>El Salvador:</b>
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<br>
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23 December 1983
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<p><b>Equatorial Guinea:</b>
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<br>
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approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
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<p><b>Eritrea:</b>
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<br>
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the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
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<p><b>Estonia:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 28 June 1992
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<p><b>Ethiopia:</b>
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<br>
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ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
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<p><b>Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):</b>
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<br>
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3 October 1985; amended 1997
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<p><b>Faroe Islands:</b>
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<br>
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5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
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<p><b>Fiji:</b>
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<br>
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10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level
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<p><b>Finland:</b>
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<br>
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17 July 1919
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<p><b>France:</b>
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<br>
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28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993
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<p><b>French Guiana:</b>
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<br>
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28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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<p><b>French Polynesia:</b>
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<br>
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28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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<p><b>Gabon:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 14 March 1991
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<p><b>Gambia, The:</b>
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<br>
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24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished in January 1997
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<p><b>Georgia:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 17 October 1995
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<p><b>Germany:</b>
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<br>
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23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
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<p><b>Ghana:</b>
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<br>
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new constitution approved 28 April 1992
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<p><b>Gibraltar:</b>
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<br>
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30 May 1969
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<p><b>Greece:</b>
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<br>
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11 June 1975; amended March 1986
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<p><b>Greenland:</b>
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<br>
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5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
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<p><b>Grenada:</b>
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<br>
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19 December 1973
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<p><b>Guadeloupe:</b>
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<br>
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28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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<p><b>Guam:</b>
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<br>
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Organic Act of 1 August 1950
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<p><b>Guatemala:</b>
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<br>
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31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986
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<br><i>note:</i>
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suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
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<p><b>Guernsey:</b>
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<br>
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unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
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<p><b>Guinea:</b>
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<br>
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23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
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<p><b>Guinea-Bissau:</b>
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<br>
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16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
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<p><b>Guyana:</b>
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<br>
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6 October 1980
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<p><b>Haiti:</b>
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<br>
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approved March 1987; suspended June 1988, with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991, government claimed to be observing the constitution; return to constitutional rule, October 1994
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<p><b>Holy See (Vatican City):</b>
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<br>
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Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
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<p><b>Honduras:</b>
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<br>
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11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
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<p><b>Hong Kong:</b>
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<br>
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Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
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<p><b>Hungary:</b>
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<br>
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18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
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<p><b>Iceland:</b>
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<br>
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16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
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<p><b>India:</b>
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<br>
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26 January 1950
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<p><b>Indonesia:</b>
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<br>
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August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
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<p><b>Iran:</b>
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<br>
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2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
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<p><b>Iraq:</b>
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<br>
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22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
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<p><b>Ireland:</b>
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<br>
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29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite
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<p><b>Israel:</b>
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<br>
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no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
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<p><b>Italy:</b>
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<br>
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1 January 1948
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<p><b>Jamaica:</b>
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<br>
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6 August 1962
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<p><b>Japan:</b>
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<br>
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3 May 1947
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<p><b>Jersey:</b>
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<br>
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unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
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<p><b>Jordan:</b>
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<br>
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8 January 1952
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<p><b>Kazakhstan:</b>
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<br>
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adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
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<p><b>Kenya:</b>
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<br>
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12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1997
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<p><b>Kiribati:</b>
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<br>
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12 July 1979
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<p><b>Korea, North:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992 and September 1998
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<p><b>Korea, South:</b>
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<br>
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25 February 1988
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<p><b>Kuwait:</b>
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<br>
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approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
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<p><b>Kyrgyzstan:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 5 May 1993
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<br><i>note:</i>
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amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 10 February 1996 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature
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<p><b>Laos:</b>
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<br>
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promulgated 14 August 1991
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<p><b>Latvia:</b>
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<br>
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the 1991 Constitutional Law which supplements the 1922 constitution, provides for basic rights and freedoms
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<p><b>Lebanon:</b>
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<br>
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23 May 1926, amended a number of times
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<p><b>Lesotho:</b>
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<br>
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2 April 1993
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<p><b>Liberia:</b>
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<br>
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6 January 1986
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<p><b>Libya:</b>
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<br>
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11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
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<p><b>Liechtenstein:</b>
|
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<br>
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5 October 1921
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<p><b>Lithuania:</b>
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<br>
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adopted 25 October 1992
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<p><b>Luxembourg:</b>
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<br>
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17 October 1868, occasional revisions
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<p><b>Macau:</b>
|
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<br>
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Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
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<p><b>Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:</b>
|
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<br>
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adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
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<br><i>note:</i>
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Democratic Party for Albanians (DPA), which is now a member party of the government, is calling for a rewrite of the constitution to declare ethnic Albanians a national group and allow for regional autonomy
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<p><b>Madagascar:</b>
|
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<br>
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19 August 1992 by national referendum
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<p><b>Malawi:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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18 May 1995
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<p><b>Malaysia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
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31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
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<p><b>Maldives:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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adopted January 1998
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<p><b>Mali:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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adopted 12 January 1992
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<p><b>Malta:</b>
|
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<br>
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1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974
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<p><b>Man, Isle of:</b>
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<br>
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unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961, does not embody the Manx Constitution
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<p><b>Marshall Islands:</b>
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<br>
|
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1 May 1979
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<p><b>Martinique:</b>
|
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<br>
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28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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<p><b>Mauritania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
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12 July 1991
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<p><b>Mauritius:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
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12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
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<p><b>Mayotte:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
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<p><b>Mexico:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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5 February 1917
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<p><b>Micronesia, Federated States of:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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10 May 1979
|
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<p><b>Moldova:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
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<p><b>Monaco:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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17 December 1962
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<p><b>Mongolia:</b>
|
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<br>
|
|
12 February 1992
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<p><b>Montserrat:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
|
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<p><b>Morocco:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996
|
|
<p><b>Mozambique:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
30 November 1990
|
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<p><b>Namibia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
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<p><b>Nauru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
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29 January 1968
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<p><b>Nepal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
9 November 1990
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<p><b>Netherlands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
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adopted 1814; amended many times, last time 17 February 1983
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<p><b>Netherlands Antilles:</b>
|
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<br>
|
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29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended
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<p><b>New Caledonia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
<p><b>New Zealand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted
|
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<p><b>Nicaragua:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
|
|
<p><b>Niger:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the constitution of January 1993 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and again by referendum on 18 July 1999
|
|
<p><b>Nigeria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
NA 1999 new constitution adopted
|
|
<p><b>Niue:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
|
|
<p><b>Norfolk Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Norfolk Island Act of 1979
|
|
<p><b>Northern Mariana Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978
|
|
<p><b>Norway:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
17 May 1814, modified in 1884
|
|
<p><b>Oman:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a new basic law which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
|
|
<p><b>Pakistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999
|
|
<p><b>Palau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 January 1981
|
|
<p><b>Panama:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 and in 1994
|
|
<p><b>Papua New Guinea:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
16 September 1975
|
|
<p><b>Paraguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
promulgated 20 June 1992
|
|
<p><b>Peru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
31 December 1993
|
|
<p><b>Philippines:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
|
|
<p><b>Pitcairn Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Local Government Ordinance of 1964
|
|
<p><b>Poland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
16 October 1997; adopted by the National Assembly on 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 23 May 1997
|
|
<p><b>Portugal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, and 3 September 1997
|
|
<p><b>Puerto Rico:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
|
|
<p><b>Qatar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972
|
|
<p><b>Reunion:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
<p><b>Romania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
8 December 1991
|
|
<p><b>Russia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 12 December 1993
|
|
<p><b>Rwanda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted a new constitution which included elements of the constitution of 18 June 1991 as well as provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding
|
|
<p><b>Saint Helena:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 January 1989
|
|
<p><b>Saint Kitts and Nevis:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
19 September 1983
|
|
<p><b>Saint Lucia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
22 February 1979
|
|
<p><b>Saint Pierre and Miquelon:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
<p><b>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
27 October 1979
|
|
<p><b>Samoa:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 January 1962
|
|
<p><b>San Marino:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
|
|
<p><b>Sao Tome and Principe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
|
|
<p><b>Saudi Arabia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
|
|
<p><b>Senegal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
3 March 1963, revised 1991
|
|
<p><b>Serbia and Montenegro:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
27 April 1992
|
|
<p><b>Seychelles:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
18 June 1993
|
|
<p><b>Sierra Leone:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
|
|
<p><b>Singapore:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
|
|
<p><b>Slovakia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president
|
|
<p><b>Slovenia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
|
|
<p><b>Solomon Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
7 July 1978
|
|
<p><b>Somalia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
|
|
<p><b>South Africa:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
|
|
<p><b>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 3 October 1985
|
|
<p><b>Spain:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
|
|
<p><b>Sri Lanka:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 16 August 1978
|
|
<p><b>Sudan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
|
|
<p><b>Suriname:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
ratified 30 September 1987
|
|
<p><b>Swaziland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but was not formally presented to the people; since then a few more outlines for a constitution have been compiled under the Constitutional Review Commission (CRC), but so far none have been accepted
|
|
<p><b>Sweden:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 January 1975
|
|
<p><b>Switzerland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
29 May 1874
|
|
<p><b>Syria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
13 March 1973
|
|
<p><b>Tajikistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
6 November 1994
|
|
<p><b>Tanzania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
|
|
<p><b>Thailand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
|
|
<p><b>Togo:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
|
|
<p><b>Tokelau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
|
|
<p><b>Tonga:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
|
|
<p><b>Trinidad and Tobago:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 August 1976
|
|
<p><b>Tunisia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
|
|
<p><b>Turkey:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
7 November 1982
|
|
<p><b>Turkmenistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 18 May 1992
|
|
<p><b>Turks and Caicos Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988
|
|
<p><b>Tuvalu:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 October 1978
|
|
<p><b>Uganda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
|
|
<p><b>Ukraine:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adopted 28 June 1996
|
|
<p><b>United Arab Emirates:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
|
|
<p><b>United Kingdom:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
|
|
<p><b>United States:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
|
|
<p><b>Uruguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
|
|
<p><b>Uzbekistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
|
|
<p><b>Vanuatu:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
30 July 1980
|
|
<p><b>Venezuela:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
30 December 1999
|
|
<p><b>Vietnam:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
15 April 1992
|
|
<p><b>Virgin Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
|
|
<p><b>Wallis and Futuna:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
|
|
<p><b>Yemen:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994
|
|
<p><b>Zambia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
2 August 1991
|
|
<p><b>Zimbabwe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
21 December 1979
|
|
<p><b>Taiwan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
1 January 1947, amended in 1992, 1994, and 1997
|
|
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