1538 lines
87 KiB
HTML
1538 lines
87 KiB
HTML
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
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CIA -- The World Factbook 2000 -- Telephone system
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</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><P><CENTER>
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<a href="../indexfld.html" name="top">[Field Listing]</a>
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<a href="../index.html">[<I>The World Factbook</I> Home]</a>
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</P></CENTER><P><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width=100%><TR>
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<td align="center" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" width=100%><b><font size="+2">
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Telephone system</font></b><br>(Country profile category: Communications)</td></TR></TABLE>
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<p><b>Afghanistan:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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very limited telephone and telegraph service; in 1997, telecommunications links were established between Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, Kandahar, Jalalabad, and Kabul through satellite and microwave systems
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); commercial satellite telephone center in Ghazni
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<p><b>Albania:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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obsolete wire system; no longer provides a telephone for every village; in 1992, following the fall of the communist government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used it to build fences
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<br><i>international:</i>
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inadequate; international traffic carried by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece
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<p><b>Algeria:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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good service in north but sparse in south; domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic earth stations are planned)
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<br><i>international:</i>
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5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat
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<p><b>American Samoa:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephone services; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
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<p><b>Andorra:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges
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<br><i>international:</i>
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landline circuits to France and Spain
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<p><b>Angola:</b>
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<br>
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telephone service limited mostly to government and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for military links
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Anguilla:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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modern internal telephone system
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<br><i>international:</i>
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microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)
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<p><b>Antarctica:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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NA
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<p><b>Antigua and Barbuda:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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good automatic telephone system
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<br><i>international:</i>
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1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Saba (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe
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<p><b>Argentina:</b>
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<br>
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12,000 public telephones; extensive modern system but many families do not have telephones; despite extensive use of microwave radio relay, the telephone system frequently fails during rainstorms, even in Buenos Aires
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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microwave radio relay and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); two international gateways near Buenos Aires; Atlantis II submarine cable (1999)
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<p><b>Armenia:</b>
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<br>
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system inadequate; now 90% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)
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<br><i>international:</i>
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Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat
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<p><b>Aruba:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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more than adequate
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<br><i>international:</i>
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1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten (Netherlands Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
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<p><b>Australia:</b>
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<br>
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excellent domestic and international service
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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domestic satellite system
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<br><i>international:</i>
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submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Pacific Ocean regions)
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<p><b>Austria:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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highly developed and efficient
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 2 Eutelsat
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<p><b>Azerbaijan:</b>
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<br>
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Azerbaijan's telephone system is a combination of old Soviet era technology used by Azerbaijani citizens and small- to medium-size commercial establishments, and modern cellular telephones used by an increasing middle class, large commercial ventures, international companies, and most government officials; the average citizen waits on a 200,000-person list for telephone service; Internet and e-mail service are available in Baku
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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local - the majority of telephones are in Baku or other industrial centers - about 700 villages still do not have public telephone service; intercity; all long distance service must use Azertel's (Ministry of Communications) lines; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its separated enclave of Naxcivan
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<br><i>international:</i>
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the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; satellite service between Baku and Turkey provides access to 200 countries; additional satellite providers supply services between Baku and specific countries; Azerbaijan is a signator of the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line (TAE); their lines are not laid but a Turkish satellite and a microwave link between Azerbaijan and Iran could provide Azerbaijan worldwide access
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<p><b>Bahamas, The:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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totally automatic system; highly developed
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<br><i>international:</i>
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tropospheric scatter and submarine cable to Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Bahrain:</b>
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<br>
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modern system; good domestic services and excellent international connections
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones
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<br><i>international:</i>
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tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
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<p><b>Bangladesh:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave, and some fiber-optic cable in cities
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries
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<p><b>Barbados:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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island-wide automatic telephone system
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia
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<p><b>Belarus:</b>
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<br>
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the Ministry of Telecommunications controls all telecommunications through its carrier (a joint stock company) Beltelcom which is a monopoly
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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local - Minsk has a digital metropolitan network and a cellular NMT-450 network; waiting lists for telephones are long; local service outside Minsk is neglected and poor; intercity - Belarus has a partly developed fiber-optic backbone system presently serving at least 13 major cities (1998); Belarus's fiber optics form synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries' systems; an inadequate analog system remains operational
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<br><i>international:</i>
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Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line (TAE) and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); three fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations
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<p><b>Belgium:</b>
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<br>
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highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network
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<br><i>international:</i>
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5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat
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<p><b>Belize:</b>
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<br>
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above-average system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Benin:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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fair system of open wire, microwave radio relay, and cellular connections
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); submarine cable
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<p><b>Bermuda:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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modern, fully automatic telephone system
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<br><i>international:</i>
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3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Bhutan:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use
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<br><i>international:</i>
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international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)
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<p><b>Bolivia:</b>
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<br>
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new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Bosnia and Herzegovina:</b>
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<br>
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telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average when compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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no satellite earth stations
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<p><b>Botswana:</b>
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<br>
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sparse system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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two international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
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<p><b>Brazil:</b>
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<br>
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good working system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to MERCOSUR Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
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<p><b>British Indian Ocean Territory:</b>
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<br>
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separate facilities for military and public needs are available
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet
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<br><i>international:</i>
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international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)
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<p><b>British Virgin Islands:</b>
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<br>
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worldwide telephone service
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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submarine cable to Bermuda
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<p><b>Brunei:</b>
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<br>
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service throughout country is excellent; international service good to Europe, US, and East Asia
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine cable links to Malaysia, Singapore, and Philippines
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<p><b>Bulgaria:</b>
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<br>
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more than two-thirds of the lines are residential
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; telephone service is available in most villages; a more modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions, the others being connected by digital microwave
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<br><i>international:</i>
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direct dialing to 58 countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2 Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)
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<p><b>Burkina Faso:</b>
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<br>
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all services only fair
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communication stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Burma:</b>
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<br>
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meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is good
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
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<p><b>Burundi:</b>
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<br>
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primitive system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
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<p><b>Cambodia:</b>
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<br>
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adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
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<p><b>Cameroon:</b>
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<br>
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available only to business and government
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Canada:</b>
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<br>
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excellent service provided by modern technology
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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5 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
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<p><b>Cape Verde:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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interisland microwave radio relay system with both analog and digital exchanges; work is in progress on a submarine fiber-optic cable system which was scheduled for completion in 1998
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<br><i>international:</i>
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2 coaxial submarine cables; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Cayman Islands:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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1 submarine coaxial cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Central African Republic:</b>
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<br>
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fair system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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network consists principally of microwave radio relay and low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Chad:</b>
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<br>
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primitive system
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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fair system of radiotelephone communication stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Chile:</b>
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<br>
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modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>China:</b>
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<br>
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domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany
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<p><b>Christmas Island:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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external telephone and telex services are provided by Intelsat satellite
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<p><b>Cocos (Keeling) Islands:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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NA
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<br><i>international:</i>
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telephone, telex, and facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite; 1 satellite earth station of NA type
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<p><b>Colombia:</b>
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<br>
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modern system in many respects
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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nationwide microwave radio relay system; domestic satellite system with 41 earth stations; fiber-optic network linking 50 cities
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat; 3 fully digitalized international switching centers; 8 submarine cables
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<p><b>Comoros:</b>
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<br>
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sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay
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<br><i>international:</i>
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HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion
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<p><b>Congo, Democratic Republic of the:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Congo, Republic of the:</b>
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<br>
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services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out-of-order
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
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<p><b>Cook Islands:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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the individual islands are connected by a combination of satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small exchanges connected to subscribers by open wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
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<p><b>Costa Rica:</b>
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<br>
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very good domestic telephone service
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available
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<br><i>international:</i>
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connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); two submarine cables (1999)
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<p><b>Cote d'Ivoire:</b>
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<br>
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well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalized
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 coaxial submarine cables (June 1999)
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<p><b>Croatia:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analog circuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will be included in the plan for the main trunk
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<br><i>international:</i>
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digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the TEL project which consists of two fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is also investing in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany, Albania, and Greece (2000)
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<p><b>Cuba:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable; fiber-optic distribution in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud; 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built; the other newer, Soviet-built); both analog and digital mobile cellular service established
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
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<p><b>Cyprus:</b>
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<br>
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excellent in both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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open wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay
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<br><i>international:</i>
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tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat
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<p><b>Czech Republic:</b>
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
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70% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber systems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals; trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
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<br><i>international:</i>
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat
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<p><b>Denmark:</b>
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<br>
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excellent telephone and telegraph services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, 4 cellular radio communications systems
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
18 submarine fiber-optic cables linking Denmark with Norway, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Canada; satellite earth stations - 6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for world-wide Inmarsat access
|
|
<p><b>Djibouti:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network
|
|
<p><b>Dominica:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
fully automatic network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and SHF radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia
|
|
<p><b>Dominican Republic:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
relatively efficient system based on islandwide microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Ecuador:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Egypt:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading; Internet access available
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system)
|
|
<p><b>El Salvador:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
nationwide microwave radio relay system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System
|
|
<p><b>Equatorial Guinea:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poor system with adequate government services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Eritrea:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
very inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government is seeking international tenders to improve the system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Estonia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service; Internet services available throughout most of the country; about 150,000 unfilled subscriber requests
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
local - the Ministry of Transport and Communications is expanding cellular telephone services to form rural networks; intercity - highly developed fiber-optic backbone (double loop) system presently serving at least 16 major cities (1998)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet switched service; two international switches are located in Tallinn
|
|
<p><b>Ethiopia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
open wire and microwave radio relay system adequate for government use
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
open wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites provide the national trunk service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
open wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries
|
|
<p><b>Faroe Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
good international communications; good domestic facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
digitalization was to have been completed in 1998
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland
|
|
<p><b>Fiji:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications center
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
access to important cable links between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Finland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system with excellent service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
cable, microwave radio relay, and an extensive cellular net take provide of domestic needs
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
|
|
<p><b>France:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
highly developed
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries
|
|
<p><b>French Guiana:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
fair open wire and microwave radio relay system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>French Polynesia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Gabon:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Gambia, The:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
adequate network of microwave radio relay and open wire
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Gaza Strip:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
rudimentary telephone services provided by an open wire system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Georgia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephone networks with about 10,000 customers total; urban areas 20 telephones/100 people; rural areas 4 telephones/100 people; intercity - a fiber-optic line connects T'bilisi to K'ut'aisi (Georgia's second largest city); nationwide pager service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
Georgia and Russia are working on a fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); present international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service available
|
|
<p><b>Germany:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available and includes roaming service to many foreign countries
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 14 Intelsat (12 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), 2 Intersputnik (1 Atlantic Ocean region and 1 Indian Ocean region); 7 submarine cable connections; 2 HF radiotelephone communication centers; tropospheric scatter links
|
|
<p><b>Ghana:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poor to fair system; Internet accessible; many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services is underway
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors
|
|
<p><b>Gibraltar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
automatic exchange facilities
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Greece:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate, modern networks reach all areas; microwave radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to off-shore islands
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay, open wire, and submarine cable
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Greenland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave radio relay; totally digitalized in 1995
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Grenada:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
automatic, islandwide telephone system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
new SHF radiotelephone links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad
|
|
<p><b>Guadeloupe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic facilities inadequate
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique
|
|
<p><b>Guam:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan
|
|
<p><b>Guatemala:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fairly modern network centered in the city of Guatemala
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Guernsey:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
1 submarine cable
|
|
<p><b>Guinea:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio relay system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Guinea-Bissau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
small system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and cellular communications
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Guyana:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair system for long-distance calling
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay network for trunk lines
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Haiti:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic facilities barely adequate; international facilities slightly better
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Holy See (Vatican City):</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
automatic exchange
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
tied into Italian system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
uses Italian system
|
|
<p><b>Honduras:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
inadequate system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System
|
|
<p><b>Hong Kong:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
|
|
<p><b>Hungary:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the telephone system has been modernized and is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
|
|
<p><b>Iceland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate domestic service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables and microwave radio relay links
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
|
|
<p><b>India:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
mediocre service; local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; major objective is to continue to expand and modernize long-distance network in order to keep pace with rapidly growing number of local subscriber lines; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but demand for communication services is also growing rapidly
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
local service is provided by microwave radio relay and coaxial cable, with open wire and obsolete electromechanical and manual switchboard systems still in use in rural areas; starting in the 1980s, a substantial amount of digital switch gear has been introduced for local and long-distance service; long-distance traffic is carried mostly by coaxial cable and low-capacity microwave radio relay; since 1985 significant trunk capacity has been added in the form of fiber-optic cable and a domestic satellite system with 254 earth stations; mobile cellular service is provided in four metropolitan cities
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gaidhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 4 submarine cables - LOCOM linking Chennai (Madras) to Penang; Indo-UAE-Gulf cable linking Mumbai (Bombay) to Al Fujayrah, UAE; India-SEA-ME-WE-3, SEA-ME-WE-2 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay); Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay)
|
|
<p><b>Indonesia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic service fair, international service good
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Iran:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
inadequate but currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems have approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans Asia Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat; Internet service available but limited to electronic mail to promote Iranian culture
|
|
<p><b>Iraq:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after the Gulf war; most damaged facilities have been rebuilt
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably nonoperational
|
|
<p><b>Ireland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern digital system using cable and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Israel:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
most highly developed system in the Middle East although not the largest
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; all systems are digital
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Italy:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables
|
|
<p><b>Jamaica:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fully automatic domestic telephone network
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
|
|
<p><b>Japan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent domestic and international service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam)
|
|
<p><b>Jersey:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
3 submarine cables
|
|
<p><b>Johnston Atoll:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
13 outgoing and 10 incoming commercial lines; adequate telecommunications
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
60-channel submarine cable, 22 DSN circuits by satellite, Autodin with standard remote terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), UHF/VHF air-ground radio, a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network (PCTN) satellite
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Jordan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
service has improved recently with the increased use of digital switching equipment, but better access to the telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access to pay telephones is needed by the urban public
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use is made of mobile cellular systems; Internet service is available
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals; fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link with Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL; international links total about 4,000
|
|
<p><b>Kazakhstan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
service is poor; equipment antiquated
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay; with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Kenya:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
unreliable; little attempt to modernize
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; data commonly transferred by a very small aperature terminal (VSAT)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Kiribati:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<br><i>note:</i>
|
|
Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service
|
|
<p><b>Korea, North:</b>
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean Region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing
|
|
<p><b>Korea, South:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent domestic and international services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
fiber-optic submarine cable to China; the Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Kuwait:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the civil network suffered some damage as a result of the Gulf war, but most of the telephone exchanges were left intact and, by the end of 1994, domestic and international telecommunications had been restored to normal operation; the quality of service is excellent
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well supplied with pay telephones; approximately 15,000 Internet subscribers in 1996
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 2 Arabsat
|
|
<p><b>Kyrgyzstan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied applications for household telephones
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider, probably limited to Bishkek region
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line
|
|
<p><b>Laos:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
service to general public is poor but improving, with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an additional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communications
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Latvia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
inadequate but is being modernized to provide an international capability independent of the Moscow international switch; more facilities are being installed for individual use
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections, rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied subscriber applications
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international connections are now available via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling direct connections for most calls (1998)
|
|
<p><b>Lebanon:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding well underway
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
primarily microwave radio relay and cable
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations); coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables
|
|
<p><b>Lesotho:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
rudimentary system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Liberia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telephone and telegraph service via microwave radio relay network; main center is Monrovia
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Libya:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
|
|
<p><b>Liechtenstein:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
automatic telephone system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay
|
|
<p><b>Lithuania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
inadequate but is being modernized to provide an improved international capability and better residential access
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
a national fiber-optic cable interurban trunk system is nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded; mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber applications
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
landline connections to Latvia and Poland; major international connections are to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite
|
|
<p><b>Luxembourg:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)
|
|
<p><b>Macau:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Madagascar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
system is above average for the region
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Malawi:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Malaysia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
international service good
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cables to India, Hong Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Maldives:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
minimal domestic and international facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
interatoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Mali:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Malta:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
automatic system satisfies normal requirements
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Man, Isle of:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite earth station, submarine cable
|
|
<p><b>Marshall Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telex services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular, seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein
|
|
<p><b>Martinique:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic facilities are adequate
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Mauritania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made)
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat
|
|
<p><b>Mauritius:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
small system with good service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
primarily microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries
|
|
<p><b>Mayotte:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communications to Comoros and other international connections
|
|
<p><b>Mexico:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links; privatized in December 1990; opened to competition January 1997
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
adequate telephone service for business and government, but the population is poorly served; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, and mobile cellular service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations; linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections; high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy (1997)
|
|
<p><b>Micronesia, Federated States of:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Moldova:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
|
|
<p><b>Monaco:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
automatic telephone system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system
|
|
<p><b>Mongolia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
|
|
<p><b>Montserrat:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Morocco:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
7 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and Tunisia
|
|
<p><b>Mozambique:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair system of tropospheric scatter, open-wire lines, and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Namibia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are by open wire; 100% digital
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Nauru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate local and international radiotelephone communications provided via Australian facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Nepal:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephone network
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communications; microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Netherlands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
highly developed and well maintained
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the existing system of multi-conductor cables is gradually being replaced by fiber-optic cables; the density of cellular telephone traffic is rapidly increasing and further modernization of the system is expected in the year 2001, with the introduction of the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (1996)
|
|
<p><b>Netherlands Antilles:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
generally adequate facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>New Caledonia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>New Zealand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent international and domestic systems
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cables to Australia and Fiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Nicaragua:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
wire and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Niger:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
small system of wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern area
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Nigeria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
an inadequate system, further limited by poor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been made
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19 earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular facilities and the Internet are available
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); coaxial submarine cable SAFE (South African Far East)
|
|
<p><b>Niue:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
single-line telephone system connects all villages on island
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Norfolk Island:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone service with Sydney (Australia)
|
|
<p><b>Northern Mariana Islands:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Norway:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
domestic satellite system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden)
|
|
<p><b>Oman:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system consisting of open wire, microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited coaxial cable
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
open wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
|
|
<p><b>Pakistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the domestic system is mediocre, but improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity; despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the majority of the rural population
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries
|
|
<p><b>Palau:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Panama:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
domestic and international facilities well developed
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System
|
|
<p><b>Papua New Guinea:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
mostly radiotelephone
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cables to Australia and Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); international radio communication service
|
|
<p><b>Paraguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
meager telephone service; principal switching center is Asuncion
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
fair microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Peru:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate for most requirements
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
|
|
<p><b>Philippines:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
good international radiotelephone and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan
|
|
<p><b>Pitcairn Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
party line telephone service on the island
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone
|
|
<p><b>Poland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
underdeveloped and outmoded system; government aims to have 10 million telephones in service by 2000; the process of partial privatization of the state-owned telephone monopoly has begun
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
cable, open wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular networks; local exchanges 56.6% digital
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Portugal:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned
|
|
<p><b>Puerto Rico:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system, integrated with that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data capability
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
digital telephone system; cellular telephone service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US
|
|
<p><b>Qatar:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system centered in Doha
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
|
|
<p><b>Reunion:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
modern open wire and microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Romania:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
poor service; 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital international direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects (1999)
|
|
<p><b>Russia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the telephone system has undergone significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita
|
|
<p><b>Rwanda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
telephone system primarily serves business and government
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
|
|
<p><b>Saint Helena:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
automatic network; HF radiotelephone from Saint Helena to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Saint Kitts and Nevis:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radiotelephone connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
interisland links are handled by VHF/UHF/SHF radiotelephone
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international calls are carried by radiotelephone to Antigua and Barbuda and from there switched to submarine cable or to Intelsat, or carried to Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) by radiotelephone and switched to Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Saint Lucia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
system is automatically switched
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
direct microwave radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond these countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique
|
|
<p><b>Saint Pierre and Miquelon:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system
|
|
<p><b>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the Grenadines
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through Saint Lucia
|
|
<p><b>Samoa:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>San Marino:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and cable connections to Italian network; no satellite earth stations
|
|
<p><b>Sao Tome and Principe:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
minimal system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Saudi Arabia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
extensive microwave radio relay and coaxial and fiber-optic cable systems
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Senegal:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Serbia and Montenegro:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Seychelles:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Sierra Leone:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
marginal telephone and telegraph service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
national microwave radio relay system made unserviceable by military activities
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Singapore:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
good domestic facilities; good international service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Slovakia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
predominantly an analog system which is now receiving digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been added
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
3 international exchanges, 1 in Bratislava and 2 in Banska Bystrica, are available; Slovakia is participating in several international telecommunications projects which will increase the availability of external services
|
|
<p><b>Slovenia:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
70% digital; full digital switching scheduled for 2000
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Solomon Islands:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Somalia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own private systems
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
recently, local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite
|
|
<p><b>South Africa:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
the system is the best developed and most modern in Africa
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken
|
|
<p><b>Spain:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
generally adequate, modern facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries
|
|
<p><b>Sri Lanka:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
very inadequate domestic service, particularly in rural areas; some hope for improvement with privatization of national telephone company and encouragement to private investment; good international service (1999)
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)
|
|
<p><b>Sudan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
large, well-equipped system by regional standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained by modern standards; cellular communications started in 1996
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
|
|
<p><b>Suriname:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
international facilities good
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Svalbard:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
local telephone service
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 of NA type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)
|
|
<p><b>Swaziland:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and low-capacity, microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Sweden:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent domestic and international facilities; automatic system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
coaxial and multiconductor cable carry most voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay network carries some additional telephone channels
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)
|
|
<p><b>Switzerland:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent domestic and international services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Syria:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel
|
|
<p><b>Tajikistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
cable and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Tanzania:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperature terminal) system under construction
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
trunk service provided by open wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Thailand:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
service to general public adequate, but investment in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic satellite system being developed
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Togo:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair system based on network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and cellular system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
|
|
<p><b>Tokelau:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone service between islands
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth stations, established in 1997
|
|
<p><b>Tonga:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Trinidad and Tobago:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
excellent international service; good local service
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana
|
|
<p><b>Tunisia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
|
|
<p><b>Turkey:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially cellular telephones
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia, by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems
|
|
<p><b>Turkmenistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
poorly developed
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat
|
|
<p><b>Turks and Caicos Islands:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
fair cable and radiotelephone services
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Tuvalu:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
radiotelephone communications between islands
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Uganda:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
seriously inadequate; two cellular systems have been introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines is essential; e-mail and Internet services are available
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular systems for short range traffic
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania
|
|
<p><b>Ukraine:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Ukraine's telecommunication development plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines and international connections, and developing a mobile cellular system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic trunk system is being improved; from a small base, the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding at a high rate
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project which connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems
|
|
<p><b>United Arab Emirates:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern system consisting of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
microwave radio relay and coaxial cable
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia
|
|
<p><b>United Kingdom:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
technologically advanced domestic and international system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
40 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers
|
|
<p><b>United States:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000)
|
|
<p><b>Uruguay:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
some modern facilities
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave radio relay network
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Uzbekistan:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of modernization
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the domestic telephone system is being expanded and technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent and Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA (1998)
|
|
<p><b>Vanuatu:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
|
|
<p><b>Venezuela:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
modern and expanding
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national inter-urban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network
|
|
<p><b>Vietnam:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
while Vietnam's telecommunication sector lags far behind other countries in Southeast Asia, Hanoi has made considerable progress since 1991 in upgrading the system; Vietnam has digitalized all provincial switch boards, while fiber-optic and microwave transmission systems have been extended from Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City to all provinces; the density of telephone receivers nationwide doubled from 1993 to 1995, but is still far behind other countries in the region
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
|
|
<p><b>Virgin Islands:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
modern, uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
submarine cable and satellite communications; satellite earth stations - NA
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|
<p><b>Wake Island:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
satellite communications; 1 DSN circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS)
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Wallis and Futuna:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>West Bank:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>note:</i>
|
|
Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for communication services in the West Bank
|
|
<p><b>Western Sahara:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
sparse and limited system
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco
|
|
<p><b>World:</b>
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
NA
|
|
<p><b>Yemen:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, and tropospheric scatter
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
|
|
<p><b>Zambia:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa
|
|
<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation; Internet service is widely available; very small aperature terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
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|
<p><b>Zimbabwe:</b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused main lines
|
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones
|
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<br><i>international:</i>
|
|
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)
|
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<p><b>Taiwan:</b>
|
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<br><i>domestic:</i>
|
|
provides modern telecommunications service for every business and private need; completely digitalized
|
|
<br><i>international:</i>
|
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satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)
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